Wednesday, March 21, 2007

Perpetual children

I don't remember where I read this story, but it seems that, many years ago, the entire adult male population of a small Jewish town was drafted. (Was this in Czar Russia, perchance?) The result was that the Jewish observance of the town was radically diminished. Baby boys born shortly after the draft were not given a brit milah (ritual circumcision) because there was no trained mohel left to do the job. The eating of meat ceased because there was neither a shochet to slaughter animals in accordance with Jewish law nor a mashgiach to whom to ask questions if there was any doubt about whether the meat was kosher. The synagogue was virtually deserted, since there weren't enough boys left over the age of thirteen and under the age of conscription to make a minyan.

Imagine what might happen in our day if, heaven forbid, an epidemic swept through a large swath of the United States and killed all females who'd reached the age of puberty. The males would cope, with great difficulty. Enterprising guys would start daycare services to accommodate the 85% of the male population that wouldn't be able to afford to hire imported nannies or become stay-at-home parents and whose jobs didn't give them the liberty of telecommuting. In the Jewish community, considerable effort would have to be made to ensure that all the usual g'milut chassidim (acts of kindness), such as bikur cholim (visiting the sick) and ensuring that mourners' meals were provided, still had volunteers. There would be, obviously, a drop-off in births (and brit milah observances) for the foreseeable future, and young men would have to be sent out of state to find wives. The minyanim, after some adjustment and, possibly, the hiring of babysitters to care for young children during services, would manage. The "public" life of Judaism would continue.

Now imagine what might happen in our day if, heaven forbid, an epidemic swept through a large swath of the United States and killed all males who'd reached the age of puberty. There would be, obviously, a drop-off in births for the foreseeable future, and young women would have to be sent out of state to find husbands. Baby boys born shortly after the epidemic would have to be taken to other states, or mohalim (ritual circumcizers) "imported," for the brit milah. Not only kosher food but mashgichim (kashrut supervisors) would have to be imported for simchas (happy occasions). And, at the High Holidays and Pilgrimage Festivals, dozens of out-of-state yeshivot (Jewish day schools) and kollelim would be besieged with requests to send ten males to make a minyan so that the women could pray a full service with a Torah reading. Imagine the fundraising and stretching of widows' budgets necessary to provide free airfare, room and board to any 10 males at least 13 years old willing to sacrifice a few days with their own families to help make a minyan in towns with no adult males.

Think about that for a minute, folks. That means that a 90-something-year-old woman would have to rely on a group of boys young enough to be her greatgrandsons to (enable her to) say kaddish for her own mother.

I really don't know how else to describe the current approach to public worship in Orthodox interpretations of halachah (Jewish religious law) other than to call it a culture of female dependency, or, in fancier terminology, infantilization. Without 10 men present, women (no matter how many there are, how old we are, and/or how Jewishly learnèd we are) are not permitted to say bar'chu, kaddish, or kedushah, or to read the Torah scroll or haftarah with all the appropriate blessings. We are completely dependent for public ritual on our fathers, our brothers, our husbands, and even our own sons. In other words, even if we're mothers, even if we're gray-haired, in the eyes of Jewish law, we're no more than, and never will be any more than, overgrown children.

12 Comments:

Blogger Elie said...

Shira, I feel these analogies miss the mark. The fundamental error is that under Orthodox law, women have no obligation for public worship. Therefore, in the final scenario you list, communities with no men wouldn't need to import them in order to make a minyan for the women, since it's only men who have an obligation for minyan in the first place.

Perhaps in some Modern Orthodox circles, there would even be an proliferation of halachic women-only services, which would be an advance for the Orthodox Feminist cause, though of course under horrific circumstances.

In any case, as I said I disagree with the statement that Orthodox worship creates dependency for women. Women have a peripheral role, granted, and you're welcome to feel strongly that this is wrong and bad. But I wouldn't call a woman's status in an O shul dependent or infantilizing; a more accurate term would be "welcome guest" or, if you wish, "semi-active spectator".

Wed Mar 21, 02:32:00 PM 2007  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

women have no obligation for public rituals. Therefore, they cannot be 'dependent' on men for public rituals. Obviously the public rituals wouldn't happen without 10 men. Judaism has specific obligations for men, and specific obligations for women. Men are not the same as women, and they do not have the same obligations. Of course one can argue that the religious obligations are unfair, but either you accept the religion and tradition or you dont. Men could also argue that it is unfair that they cannot carry children(although I am not sure why they would), or cannot nurse. Traditional Judaism believes this is how God set up the religion, and God(see how I am avoiding he/she :-)) we hope had good reasons for doing it like this. Women have a much more central role in private/home life than men.

Nowadays there is a great yearning for equality. However, equality is not the same as identical. God made man and women equal, and loves them equally, but he gave different roles to them. Modern Orthdoxy in particular has been sensitive to trying to decrease the difference in roles, but there are some fundamental differences that cannnot be breached without violating basic tenets of the Tradition. In the end, either one accepts Tradition(however it is defined) or one doesn't.

Some very significant decisors(poskim) have no problem with women saying kaddish. However, as pointed out, women have no obligation to say kaddish. women have no obligation to pray in a minyan, or even to make sure that a minyan is constituted. Some hold that women are only obligated to pray once a day, while all hold that men are obligated to pray 3 times a day. Many Modern Orthodox agree with having Women's Tefilla Groups, where there are no men(however, they do not say barchu, the repitition of the shmoneh esrei, and other 'divarim shebikedusha').

I cannot be a kohen(unless I was born a kohen, which I was not). I cannot choose to be born to a rich family, have a nice voice, be a tremendous athlete, have intellect, or many other things. Equality under the law, and in the eyes of God, does not mean the same gifts, or the same responsibilities. The differences between men and women should not be seen as infantilization, disrespect, or a case of ignoring women(although it may seem that a component of this has been seen in some halachic decisions). Certainly there are halachic decisions that do not seem to take into account the needs and wants of women. These needs need to be addressed. However, there is a basic difference, that comes from God, that cannot be changed, and the Halacha reflects that.

Noam S.

Wed Mar 21, 08:18:00 PM 2007  
Blogger Shira Salamone said...

Elie, perhaps we're not talking the same language. I'm aware that, according to the Orthodox interpretation of halachah (Jewish religious law), women are not obligated to participate in public prayer. My problem is with the automatic assumption that women aren't interested in what comes with public prayer. From a purely halachic perspective, it's true, as you said that "communities with no men wouldn't need to import them in order to make a minyan for the women, since it's only men who have an obligation for minyan in the first place." But in all seriousness, how would *you* feel if you could never again davven the U-n'taneh Tokef prayer on the Yamin Noraim because it's part of the repetition of the Musaf Amidah (uh, chazarat hashaatz?), and you couldn't do the repetition because you didn't have a minyan? How would you feel if you were never more than a "welcome guest" in your own synagogue (if, in fact, a woman can even consider a synagogue to be "hers," from the perspective of the Orthodox interpretation of halachah.)

"there are halachic decisions that do not seem to take into account the needs and wants of women." Indeed. "These needs need to be addressed." As I was saying to Elie, those needs have to be *acknowledged* first!

[Noam, nu, you need an ID that will enable people to link to your blog, or nobody will ever find it.]

Thu Mar 22, 12:14:00 AM 2007  
Blogger Elie said...

...how would *you* feel if you could never again davven the U-n'taneh Tokef prayer on the Yamin Noraim because it's part of the repetition of the Musaf Amidah (uh, chazarat hashaatz?), and you couldn't do the repetition because you didn't have a minyan?

I would say it anyway; it's just a piyyut [liturgical poem], not a davar bikedushah like barchu or kaddish. I'm pretty sure people who are homebound on YK for whatever reason do say it, along with the other piyyutim which in shul are said during the chazarat hashatz.

How would you feel if you were never more than a "welcome guest" in your own synagogue (if, in fact, a woman can even consider a synagogue to be "hers," from the perspective of the Orthodox interpretation of halachah.)

You're picking the wrong guy to ask this - I'd be happier if I could always daven at home! I am uncomfortable in crowds and tolerate shul more than I enjoy it.

Though I admit, I do get a charge from being the baal koreh (which I do ~8-10 times a year), since I'm providing a community service in a conspicuous way. If I had to give that up I'd miss it, but hopefully find some other way to get the same kind of good feeling - e.g. running a shul social event.

Thu Mar 22, 10:49:00 AM 2007  
Blogger Steg (dos iz nit der šteg) said...

I don't know the details, but the "Info on Women's Torah Reading" sheet at Yedidya mentions an opinion that 10 women together can form a minyan, including saying devarim shebiqedusha.

Thu Mar 22, 05:40:00 PM 2007  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

Of course, most halacha was created in relatively normal times- i.e. times when there are plenty of men running around to fill minyans and run synagogues. I suspect that the drafters of the various codes never contemplated anything like your hypothetical epidemic.

I strongly suspect that if your thought experiment become reality, Orthodoxy would either have to
(a) adjust or
(b) die.

Thu Mar 22, 11:00:00 PM 2007  
Anonymous Anonymous said...

oops, my webpage is

http://conservadox.tripod.com

not blogspot.com

sorry about that.

Thu Mar 22, 11:01:00 PM 2007  
Blogger Shira Salamone said...

Elie, I didn't know that it was permissible to say without a minyan anything that's in the "Cantor's Musaf" that isn't in the Silent Musaf. Thanks for the information!

Between the fact that I'm a very slow Hebrew reader and the fact that I'm very easily distracted, I, too, am beginning to find it easier to davven at home. But I do go to shul for the Torah reading and Musaf (so that I can catch a kedushah).

"I do get a charge from being the baal koreh (which I do ~8-10 times a year), since I'm providing a community service in a conspicuous way. If I had to give that up I'd miss it, but hopefully find some other way to get the same kind of good feeling - e.g. running a shul social event." What can I say? Somehow, editing the shul bulletin isn't the same as chanting a haftarah. One's sacred, the other just ain't.

"Yedidya mentions an opinion that 10 women together can form a minyan, including saying devarim shebiqedusha." For real, Steg? That's pretty radical for an Orthodox synagogue. Naturally, I'm all in favor, but how well accepted is this congregation in the Orthodox community?

"I strongly suspect that if your thought experiment become reality, Orthodoxy would either have to
(a) adjust or
(b) die."

Oy, Woodrow, I'm an idiot: Instead of presenting that hypothetical scenario, I should simply have talked about the situation in my local synagogue, and probably in many other shuls, as well. Any synagogue with a high percentage of seniors is probably going to have a lot more women than men, simply because women, for the time being, still tend to live longer than men. The simple truth of the matter is that, if our congregation had not decided, several years ago, to start counting women for a minyan, it would probably have been several years since we had a minyan at a weekday morning service. In other words, there's nothing hypothetical about this situation. It even shows up in Jewish music--some years ago, Shlock Rock recorded a song called "Minyan Man" about a synagogue that had only 9 surviving men.

Thu Mar 22, 11:34:00 PM 2007  
Blogger Elie said...

Elie, I didn't know that it was permissible to say without a minyan anything that's in the "Cantor's Musaf" that isn't in the Silent Musaf. Thanks for the information!

In general, any part of the service other than "devarim shebikedusha", such as kaddish, barchu, and kedusha itself, can be said without a minyan. There are a couple of exceptions, such at the 2nd "yikum purkan" and the subsequent Hebrew version thereof, which specifically are prayers for the congregation and are thus not relevant to be said at home.

What can I say? Somehow, editing the shul bulletin isn't the same as chanting a haftarah. One's sacred, the other just ain't.

I concede the point - if I suddenly turned into a woman I would definitely miss laining. Among other things. :-)

Fri Mar 23, 10:15:00 AM 2007  
Blogger Steg (dos iz nit der šteg) said...

I don't know how "well-accepted" Yedidya is; definitely more than Shira Hadasha, for example, since they don't have as much radical innovation in gender structure of the service. But i don't even know how well-known they are outside the fairly open hippyish Southern Jerusalem community.

Fri Mar 23, 03:08:00 PM 2007  
Blogger Shira Salamone said...

I wish both congregations good luck. A little innovation in what seems to me to be an increasingly rightward-leaning Orthodox community is refreshing. By the way, isn't there a new, um, "feminist Orthodox" chavurah in your neighborhood? It seems to me that I've read (probably on the "Jewess" blog--see my sidebar for the link--about an interesting new minyan in Washington Heights.

Sat Mar 24, 11:03:00 PM 2007  
Blogger Tzipporah said...

Shira, you have left out the most desperate part of the women-dying-out scenario:

the loss of oral tradition, home rituals, and kashrut

Sure, the masgiachs and shochets know the supply-side of kashrut, but who has the recipes? Who knows how to organize the kitchen to make it work? Who will burn a portion of challah? Who will remind the young ones to "not be stingy with the raisins..." ? Who will remember the tunes to bedtime prayers?

If men have the obligations for public Judaism, women have more of the obligations for personal, home-based Judaism.

Wed Mar 28, 03:37:00 PM 2007  

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